Forest [FAR1] | Adaptation Workbook

An increase in extreme weather events is expected to accelerate gap formation and regeneration. Northern hardwoods forests typically recover slowly in response to disturbance, which may lower adaptive capacity.

A combination of severe warming and drier conditions could increase wildfire risk in the Mid-Atlantic region, but topography, fragmentation, and fire suppression are likely to limit wildfire.

Read more about An increase in extreme weather events is expected to accelerate gap formation and regeneration. Northern hardwoods forests typically recover slowly in response to disturbance, which may lower adaptive capacity.

Northern hardwood forests are widely distributed across a variety of sites, increasing adaptive capacity.

These forests are also prevalent across the region on a wide variety of soils and landforms. Not all areas are expected to be affected equally, and in general, areas that are north-facing, at higher elevations, or are farther north in the region are expected to undergo less change and may continue to support northern hardwoods in the future. In these areas, it is also possible that sites that are currently too wet or cold to support northern hardwoods may become suitable over time and be colonized by these species.

Read more about Northern hardwood forests are widely distributed across a variety of sites, increasing adaptive capacity.

Changes in soil temperature and moisture and associated changes in nutrient availability or soil processes could have substantial effects on sugar maple and other northern hardwoods species.

This forest community is sensitive to reduced soil moisture and possible drought that could occur on some sites under warmer and drier conditions.

Read more about Changes in soil temperature and moisture and associated changes in nutrient availability or soil processes could have substantial effects on sugar maple and other northern hardwoods species.

Insect pests and diseases such as beech bark disease and hemlock woolly adelgid could become more problematic in spruce-fir forests under a warmer climate.

Climate change may amplify several major stressors that are already affecting this forest system. Several pests, including beech bark disease and hemlock woolly adelgid, currently affect many forests. Studies suggest that insect pests may increase in northern forests due to increased metabolic activity in active periods and increased winter survival. Insect pests, such as the hemlock woolly adelgid, are expected to cause more frequent and severe damage under climate change. Pests such as Asian longhorned beetle may present new risks as they expand, and new pests present unknown risks.

Read more about Insect pests and diseases such as beech bark disease and hemlock woolly adelgid could become more problematic in spruce-fir forests under a warmer climate.

There is relatively low species and genetic diversity in montane spruce-fir forests, which are isolated at the highest elevations in the region.

This current rebound of montane spruce-fir on the landscape may mask climate-induced migration or decline of the system in coming decades.

Read more about There is relatively low species and genetic diversity in montane spruce-fir forests, which are isolated at the highest elevations in the region.

Projected increases in temperature could lead to additional heat and moisture stress in montane spruce-fir forests.

Lack of snowpack can result in increased risk of shallow roots freezing. Reduced snowfall and snowpack, which lead to earlier spring melt, may also play a large role in soil moisture availability. Fires are rare in this forest community, but extreme drought or tree mortality could increase fire risk.

Read more about Projected increases in temperature could lead to additional heat and moisture stress in montane spruce-fir forests.

All dominant species in montane spruce-fir forests are projected to lose habitat and productivity under both climate scenarios, with more substantial impacts projected under greater warming.

Multiple forest impact models tend to agree that northern and boreal conifer species will decrease. Balsam fir and red spruce may not successfully regenerate if moisture is insufficient and average spring or summer temperatures exceed 92 °F. Seedling mortality may also occur during drought or if soil surface temperatures exceed 115 °F.

Read more about All dominant species in montane spruce-fir forests are projected to lose habitat and productivity under both climate scenarios, with more substantial impacts projected under greater warming.

Montance spruce-fir forests are restricted to the cool, moist environments at the highest elevations in the Mid-Atlantic region.

Protected valleys or coves may continue to provide cool microhabitats where spruce and fir persist. This forest community is projected to lose physical habitat as the climate warms and species migration is limited by complex topography and extreme requirements.

Read more about Montance spruce-fir forests are restricted to the cool, moist environments at the highest elevations in the Mid-Atlantic region.

Previous human influences, including logging and acid deposition, may have reduced the adaptive capacity of some spruce-fir forests.

This forest community is currently recovering from historic acidic deposition and logging which significantly reduced the extent of this forest.

Read more about Previous human influences, including logging and acid deposition, may have reduced the adaptive capacity of some spruce-fir forests.

Invasive species such as spongy moth (L. dispar), emerald ash borer, and Asian long-horned beetle are expected to become more problematic in lowland and riparian hardwood forests under climate change, with greater impacts generally occurring downstream.

Increases in flooding are likely to benefit many invasive plants that are able to establish quickly and outcompete native vegetation on disturbed sites

Read more about Invasive species such as spongy moth (L. dispar), emerald ash borer, and Asian long-horned beetle are expected to become more problematic in lowland and riparian hardwood forests under climate change, with greater impacts generally occurring downstream.