Climate Change Adaptation Resources

Wisconsin Initiative on Change Impacts [WICCI]. 2017. Climate Vulnerability Assessments for Plant Communities of Wisconsin. Northern Sedge Meadow Assessment. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Initiative on Change Impacts [WICCI]. 2017. Climate Vulnerability Assessments for Plant Communities of Wisconsin. Open Bog Assessment. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, Madison, WI.

This web page provides 10 recommendations for landowners on how they should manage their ash trees during Emerald Ash Borer and climate change. This includes physiological and silvicultural information on how to promote the survival of ash trees, in addition to why ash trees are important to save.

In this report, we describe several climate-driven problems that are projected to affect, or are already affecting, particular wildlife species and ecosystems, and solutions that conservation groups are implementing to help plants and animals respond and adapt. These projects are tangible examples of climate-informed conservation, and can serve as inspiration for others grappling with similar issues.

This report provides instructions and a framework to confront issues of climate change.

An interdisciplinary team completed a comprehensive climate change vulnerability assessment for all native Hawaiian plants (1000+ species) to address a critical knowledge gap for resource managers by identifying the change in species’ range under current and projected future climate conditions.

This article describes the monitoring of forest carbon in the Eastern US, with broader applications across the US, to compare forest land-use change and forest land cover change.

Forestlands in Texas are experiencing increased threats from fire, insect and plant invasions, disease, extreme weather, and drought. Although many of the effects of future changes are negative, natural resource management can help mitigate these impacts.

Forestlands in Florida are experiencing increased threats from fire, insect and plant invasions, disease, extreme weather, and drought. Although many of the effects of future changes are negative, natural resource management can help mitigate these impacts.

The report explores the baseline carbon levels, carbon storage, and future carbon fluxes in Hawaii.

This issue of the Massachuetts Wildlife magazine includes an article about MassWildlife's management on forest land and describe how activities for habitat restoration and management dovetail withe carbon sequestration.

This web page describes how carbon integrates with land management and provides links to related topics.

This video describes research into the amount of carbon that has been captured by reforestation in the US. These forests were previous destroyed by cultivation from humans or by natural disturbance like forest fires. The research found that 10-20% of all forest carbon in the US is held in the soils of these reforested areas.

The report explores the carbon sequestration options and policies in Colorado.

The study examines measured change in live and dead woody C pools from 8767 inventory plots on 9.1 million ha of Pacific Northwest National Forest lands to determine how the balance of tree growth, mortality, and dead wood decomposition varied by stand age, plant community type, and site productivity; and to compare the contribution of different tree sizes to C accumulation

Ecosystems will increasingly be affected by a changing climate. Understanding these potential impacts is an important first step to sustaining healthy forests in the face of changing conditions. As part of the Central Appalachians Climate Change Response Framework project, more than 40 scientists and forest managers collaborated to assess the vulnerability of forest ecosystems in this region to the likely range of projected climate change.

Ecosystems will increasingly be affected by a changing climate. Understanding these potential impacts is an important first step to sustaining healthy forests in the face of changing conditions. As part of the Central Hardwoods Climate Change Response Framework project, more than 30 scientists and forest managers collaborated to assess the vulnerability of forest ecosystems in this region to the likely range of climate change.

This website contains video presentations focused on adaptation strategies, a forest adaptation guide, a forest management plan template, and case studies.

Changes in the climate, including warmer winters and increased precipitation during some parts of the year, are having a significant influence on the Northeast’s forest products supply chain. A recent report describes specifics of climate impacts and adaptations for three links in the Northeast’s forest products supply chain. Topics include: harvest scheduling, BMPs, roads, and forest health.

Forests are a defining feature of the landscape in “the MassConn Woods” of northeastern Connecticut and south central Massachusetts. These forests, primarily in private family or individual ownership, will increasingly be affected by a changing climate.

Forests are a prominent feature of the landscape across the Mid-Atlantic region. The first three sections of this story map highlight key themes from the report and describe the general effects of anticipated changes across the region. The final section shows what foresters and land managers are doing to protect these forests and all of the benefits they provide for us.

The first three sections of this story map highlight key themes from the report and describe the general effects of anticipated changes across the region. The final section shows what foresters and land managers are doing to protect these forests and all of the benefits they provide for us.

The objective of this study is to assess the vulnerability of forest trees of Washington and Oregon to climate change and to propose practical management actions that will work under a variety of future climate scenarios and will conserve biodiversity and increase resiliency in Pacific Northwest national forests.

This fact sheet summarizes the natural resources that are at risk from climate change.

Through this webinar, we explore the projections for Colorado’s water future, state-level policy initiatives that aim to mitigate climate change, and mitigation work from water providers and wastewater operators.

Forests are an invaluable economic and environmental resource of Vermont. Climate change will likely affect many forest functions that humans rely on, including clean water, recreational opportunities, forest products, wildlife habitat, and colorful fall foliage.

Over the last 100 years, average global temperatures have increased by approximately 1.2° C (2.2° F) due to increasing atmospheric concentrations of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2). As the seasons progress, forests have less summer water source making them more prone to drought and ultimately, more vulnerable to wildfires. Tribes can adapt to increased wildfire risk and reduce wildfire occurrence.

This is a very short factsheet about wildfire and climate change in Hawaii.

The Colorado Climate Report is a synthesis of climate change science important for Colorado’s
water supply. It focuses on observed trends, modeling, and projections of temperature, precipitation, snowmelt,
and runoff. The report summarizes Colorado-specific findings from peer-reviewed regional studies, and presents
new graphics derived from existing datasets. The following are highlights from the Report.

he Climate Change in Colorado report (Lukas et al. 2014) is a synthesis of climate science relevant for management and planning for Colorado’s water resources. It focuses on observed climate trends, climate modeling, and projections of temperature, precipitation, snowpack, and streamflow.

The article summarizes the issues that Hawaii will be dealing with in the future due to the changing climate. Some issues included are erosion, death of coral reefs, and loss of fresh water.

The factsheet summarizes the affects that climate change will have in the Hawaiian Islands and includes some recommendations for action.

The changes in the climate will cause changes in temperature, precipitation, hydrology, forests, wildfires, and sea levels

Temperature, rainfall patterns, sea level and ocean chemistry, to name but a few, will move beyond the range of our experience, and planning effective conservation will increasingly depend on predictive models and assessments rather than knowledge and data from the past.

This is a Storymap that focuses on the intermountain region. Topics of focus include water, fisheries, forestry, and recreation.

The Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP) is a science-management partnership with a wide variety of participants across the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Intermountain Region, which spans Nevada, Utah, southern Idaho, eastern California, and western Wyoming.

The vulnerability assessment emphasized key resource areas—water, fisheries, vegetation and disturbance, wildlife, recreation, infrastructure, cultural heritage, and ecosystem services—regarded as the most important for ecosystems and human communities

The vulnerability assessment emphasized key resource areas—water, fisheries, vegetation and disturbance, wildlife, recreation, infrastructure, cultural heritage, and ecosystem services—regarded as the most important for ecosystems and human communities

Six priority ecosystems were identified in the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region: alpine turf and dwarf-shrubland; aquatic, riparian, and wetland ecosystems in glaciated valleys; subalpine spruce-fir; low-gradient mountain stream reaches; ponderosa pine; and Great Plains streams and riparian areas. Vulnerability to nonclimate and climate stressors for these priority ecosystems is assessed.

Wisconsin Initiative on Change Impacts [WICCI]. 2017. Climate Vulnerability Assessments for Plant Communities of Wisconsin. Non-forested wetlands Assessment. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, Madison, WI.

This article contains information on climate change in the pacific northwest, how to respond, impacts on fish, and goals and actions that can be taken.

The combined effects of climate change and climate variability in the Pacific Northwest are expected to result in a wide range of impacts for the region’s communities, economy, and natural systems. These include projected changes in water resources, forests, species and ecosystems, oceans and coasts, infrastructure, agriculture, and human health.

Precipitation in the region has seen a decline in both the amount of total snowfall and the proportion of precipitation falling as snow. Declines in snowpack and streamflows have been observed in the Cascades in recent decades.

A mapping tool that allows the user to model climate, hydrology, agriculture, or fire with a variety of variables. The user can choose the time scale, variable, and calendar time period.

The Climate Smart Land Network (CSLN) provides forest landowners and managers with direct access to the forest and climate experts at Manomet, and the opportunity to benefit from other forest landowners in the Network. Bulletin series on climate change issues in forest management for forest landowners.

Forests are a defining landscape feature across the footprint of the Northern Forests Climate Hub, which spans the Midwest and Northeast Regional Climate Hubs. Northern forests contain 42% of all US forests, 32% of US timberlands, and 41% of the US population, and are central to ecological, economic, and cultural values in the region. These ecosystems are already responding to changing conditions, and climate change is anticipated to have a pervasive influence on forests and wildlife over the coming decades.

Wisconsin Initiative on Change Impacts [WICCI]. 2017. Climate Vulnerability Assessments for Plant Communities of Wisconsin. Alder Thicket Assessment. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Initiative on Change Impacts [WICCI]. 2017. Climate Vulnerability Assessments for Plant Communities of Wisconsin. Bog Relict Assessment. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Initiative on Change Impacts [WICCI]. 2017. Climate Vulnerability Assessments for Plant Communities of Wisconsin. Boreal Rich Fen Assessment. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Initiative on Change Impacts [WICCI]. 2017. Climate Vulnerability Assessments for Plant Communities of Wisconsin. Calcareous Fen Assessment. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Initiative on Change Impacts [WICCI]. 2017. Climate Vulnerability Assessments for Plant Communities of Wisconsin. Central poor Fen Assessment. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Initiative on Change Impacts [WICCI]. 2017. Climate Vulnerability Assessments for Plant Communities of Wisconsin. Coastal Plain Marsh Assessment. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Initiative on Change Impacts [WICCI]. 2017. Climate Vulnerability Assessments for Plant Communities of Wisconsin. Emergent Marsh Assessment. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Initiative on Change Impacts [WICCI]. 2017. Climate Vulnerability Assessments for Plant Communities of Wisconsin. Ephemeral ponds Assessment. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Initiative on Change Impacts [WICCI]. 2017. Climate Vulnerability Assessments for Plant Communities of Wisconsin. Moist Sandy Meadows Assessment. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Initiative on Change Impacts [WICCI]. 2017. Climate Vulnerability Assessments for Plant Communities of Wisconsin. Muskeg Assessment. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Initiative on Change Impacts [WICCI]. 2017. Climate Vulnerability Assessments for Plant Communities of Wisconsin. Pattered Peatland Assessment. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Initiative on Change Impacts [WICCI]. 2017. Climate Vulnerability Assessments for Plant Communities of Wisconsin. Poor Fen Assessment. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Initiative on Change Impacts [WICCI]. 2017. Climate Vulnerability Assessments for Plant Communities of Wisconsin. Shrub-carr Assessment. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Initiative on Change Impacts [WICCI]. 2017. Climate Vulnerability Assessments for Plant Communities of Wisconsin. Southern Sedge Meadow Assessment. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, Madison, WI.

Wisconsin Initiative on Change Impacts [WICCI]. 2017. Climate Vulnerability Assessments for Plant Communities of Wisconsin. Southern Tamarack Swamp Assessment. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, Madison, WI.

The Colorado Climate Change Vulnerability Study provides an overview of key vulnerabilities that climate variability and change will pose for Colorado’s economy and resources. The purpose of the study is to provide state agencies, local governments, and others with background for preparedness planning.

Colorado’s climate, like that of the rest of the planet, is undergoing significant change. Specifically, our state has experienced increasingly warmer temperatures in recent decades, as compared to longer-term averages. As a result, changes to forest environments already are occurring. What do these changes mean for Colorado forests, and for forest landowners?

Climate change is altering fundamental weather patterns— affecting temperatures, water availability, and weather extremes—that shape the lives of New Mexicans. As a result, the infrastructure and resource-management plans designed for the conditions of the past may not meet future needs of the farmers, ranchers, outdoor enthusiasts, and other residents of New Mexico.

This report details how the carbon cycle works in forest and grassland ecosystems. It also describes management activities that can increase carbon in these ecosystems.

This fact sheet contains information on the causes and effects of climate change in Hawaii. Topics of interest include human health, agriculture, forests, hydrology, and ecosystems.

This fact sheet summarizes the affects that climate change is having on Hawaii, such as ocean acidification and sea level rise.

The article focuses on the changing availability of water in Colorado due to climate change.

Trees store carbon as they grow and produce wood. Carbon dioxide cycles among carbon “sinks,” such as plants, soil, and the ocean, that store carbon. The ability of trees to store carbon can be used to reduce the global carbon dioxide levels.

Forests and other ecosystems act as carbon sinks, and they sequester carbon dioxide through plant growth, removing it from the atmosphere. The Forest Service is a leader in developing tools for carbon assessment, management, and forest carbon cycle science.

Many landowners have begun to ask how their forest management strategy affects the carbon within their forest and thus the forest’s ability to mitigate climate change. Every strategy has its tradeoffs; therefore, to meet all of society’s needs, we will ultimately need a mix of passive and active strategies across the region.

This publication describes the role of carbon within the forest, the impacts of various land uses on forest carbon and outlines common trade-offs landowners may experience when making informed decisions regarding their lands. This publication was co-created by the University of Massachusetts and University of Vermont and centers on New England regional forestlands, although concepts may apply generally to other areas of the United States.

Foresters and forest owners will respond to climate change in different ways, based on their judgment of the associated risks and opportunities. A range of adaptation actions can be taken, which can be selected based on management objectives.

Many of the management practices that are already “smart forestry” can have valuable win-win benefits for climate change adaptation.

Climate change will affect different tree species and forest types in different ways. Forest impact models can be combined with manager expertise to assess which species and forest types are at risk and which may benefit from projected changes.

Forests are affected by the local climate, in addition to being affected by short-term weather events. Michigan’s climate has been changing over the past several decades, and continued climate change could result in many impacts to forests in our state.

New England’s climate has changed considerably during the 20th century. Changes in climate will have significant implications for forests and how forests are managed in New England. Sustainable management strategies that maintain species, structural, or age class diversity are important in the face of climate change

Chapter 11 Built Environment, Urban Systems, and Cities, of the Fourth National Climate Assessment

Fourth National Climate Assessment. Chapter 7: Ecosystems, Ecosystem Services, and Biodiversity

The climate assessment includes information on how water, ecosystems, biodiversity, coastal communities, and indigenous people will be affected by climate change.

This summary reports the future climate projection for Oregon. Projections show Oregon will be warmer, have less summer precipitation, have hotter days, and the sea levels will rise.

This report summarizes the results of a landscape-scale climate change vulnerability assessment of the Upper Gunnison Basin (above Blue Mesa Reservoir; referred to as Gunnison Basin in this report) to determine the relative vulnerability of 24 ecosystems and 73 species of conservation concern, using methods developed by Manomet Center for Conservation Science and NatureServe.

This tool allows the user to choose an island, area of interest, and view the sea level rise exposure area, passive flooding, annual high wave flooding, and coastal erosion. Additionally, users can view potential economic loss and flooded highways.

The climate assessment includes information on the changes that the climate will go through. The rest of the report separates the climate impacts by island and adaption options.

This management guide describes 10 forest management practices that can increase short term carbon storage for hardwood forests in the Northeast US and has general applications across many forest types. These practices also improve forest resilience against climate change impacts. These practices were chosen independently of cost, but sources of funding for each practice are also described in the guide.

Your woods are always changing and adapting as they grow and mature, or regrow after agricultural abandonment, natural disturbances, or harvesting activities. Events like storms, droughts, insect and disease outbreaks, or other stressors can damage trees or slow their growth. A changing climate may make your woods more susceptible to the problems these events can cause. The source focuses on Maryland.

Your woods are always changing and adapting as they grow and mature, or regrow after agricultural abandonment, natural disturbances, or harvesting activities. Events like storms, droughts, insect and disease outbreaks, or other stressors can damage trees or slow their growth. A changing climate may make your woods more susceptible to the problems these events can cause.

The changing climate will decrease water flow in the summers, increase sea levels, and increase wildfires.

Have you ever stopped to think what Colorado might look like in a warmer, drier climate?

Climate change isn’t just about melting ice caps and threatened polar bears. Mountain species have evolved to thrive in narrow temperature ranges and mountain ecosystems are among the most vulnerable to climate alterations.

Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences developed this worksheet to help New England woodland owners deal with changing weather and climate. Landowners are encouraged to use this worksheet with their forester. This workbook lays out four steps to help you prepare for climate change

The tool provides a rapid and simple process to assess forest resiliency. This publication contains background information on important characteristics of resilient and healthy forests and examples of potential adaptation strategies. It is accompanied by a scorecard to be used in the field to evaluate the resiliency of a forest.

This video shows a conversation between Michigan State professor Dr. Schaetzl and District Forester Kama Ross. They discuss how forest soils formed, how soils have wide variability, and Dr. Schaetzl's research that has found snowpack is important in keeping carbon in soils.

There are solutions available to help you and your woods prepare for and cope with the unpredictable conditions that lie ahead. A woodland of healthy, diverse trees can better withstand stress, thereby better supporting the community of plants and animals that live in your woods.

This video shows a webinar on soil carbon management tools in the Lake States. Luke Nave and Kendall DeLyser present research and tools to aid in management decisions, with a Q&A at the end.

This website and story map describes how the Kalamazoo Nature Center is managing their forests to improve carbon sequestration. It shows the goal of the KNC to be carbon neutral, and how they are using carbon assessments and management strategies to accomplish that goal.

The sugar maple tree’s limited distribution is affected by high temperatures, low rainfall, and unseasonable variation in the onset of spring warming events. Climate change can impact the production of maple syrup.

Evidence of climate change can already be observed in the Mid-Atlantic region. Understanding vulnerabilities is an important first step to sustaining healthy forests and ecosystems in the face of changing conditions. As part of the Mid-Atlantic Climate Change Response Framework project, more than 40 scientists and forest managers collaborated to assess the vulnerability of forest ecosystems in this region to the range of projected climate change

Researchers created a model that predicts the probability of land-use change from forest to non-forest and carbon stocks across the US. Over 17 years, 3% of the study area shifted from forest to mixed or non-forest, with a higher probability of change in non-public forests than public forests, as well as areas closer to cities and coastal areas. This could be due to population growth and housing rates growth.

The area’s forests will increasingly be affected by a changing climate. Understanding the potential impacts is an important first step to sustaining healthy forests in the face of changing conditions. As part of New England Climate Change Response Framework, more than 30 scientists and natural resource professionals collaborated to assess the vulnerability of the region’s forests across a range of possible future climates.

Forest landowners are seeing increased pressure from threats like fire, insects, disease, extreme weather, and drought on their land and resources. The last decade has brought record droughts to North Carolina, increasing wildfires, expanding insect and plant invasions, and more intense hurricane and tornado events. However, there are forest management strategies that can be used to decrease the risk from these threats.

Michigan’s forests will increasingly be affected by a changing climate. Understanding these potential impacts is an important first step to sustaining healthy forests in the face of changing conditions. As part of the Northwoods Climate Change Response Framework project, more than 30 scientists and forest managers collaborated to assess the vulnerability of forest ecosystems in Michigan’s eastern Upper Peninsula and northern Lower Peninsula.

Minnesota’s forests will increasingly be affected by a changing climate. Understanding these potential impacts is an important first step to sustaining healthy forests in the face of changing conditions. As part of the Northwoods Climate Change Response Framework project, more than 30 scientists and forest managers collaborated to assess the vulnerability of forest ecosystems in this region to the likely range of climate change.

The area’s forests will increasingly be affected by a changing climate. Understanding these potential impacts is an important first step to sustaining healthy forests in the face of changing conditions. As part of the Northwoods Climate Change Response Framework project, more than 40 scientists and natural resource professionals collaborated to assess the vulnerability of forest ecosystems in northern Wisconsin and Michigan’s western Upper Peninsula.

The NorWeST webpage hosts stream temperature data and climate scenarios in a variety of user-friendly digital formats for streams and rivers across the western U.S.

The following is a summary of projected climate change impacts for six diverse yet connected sectors of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) environment: hydrology and water resources, salmon and marine ecosystems, forests, coasts, agriculture, and human health.

This website, powered by Data Basin, contains 30 datasets and 2 maps that deal with climate change.

This assessment contains information about how climate change will progress and affect the Pacific Northwest

The region's forests will be affected by a changing climate during this century, but individual tree species will respond uniquely to climate change, depending on their particular silvics and ecological tolerances in a given location. Future heat and hardiness zones are modeled in this document.

Urban forests will experience local climate change impacts in the coming decades. A key first step to adapting to these changes is understanding the potential impacts and vulnerabilities of the urban forest. Urban forests play an important role in helping communities adapt to and mitigate climate change because they reduce the urban heat island effect, control storm water, and store carbon.

Two Pacific Northwest Research Station scientists and their collaborators reviewed and synthesized extensive scientific knowledge and summarized model projections that describe vegetation vulnerability to climate-related environmental changes in the Pacific Northwest.

Record droughts, rising temperatures, increased frequency and intensity of wildfires, insect and plant invasions, and more intense storm events all pose threats to the health of Southern forests.

Regional examples of silvicultural adaptation strategies for climate vulnerabilities: Western hemlock/ Douglas-fir Forests of the Pacific Northwest

This video describes the effect that climate is having on forest health and wildfires along the Rocky Mountain range.

This EPA report describes how seasonal events in the US are impacted by climate change, and the implications of the effects on seasonality. The science behind seasonal events and how climate change can impact events are described in the main report, while the technical appendix describes the methods of evaluation and the system used to choose indicators.

This document analyzes the patterns of the carbon cycle of North America. Sectors such as agriculture and energy, as well as ecosystems such as forests and wetlands are assessed, in addition to the impact of human activity on the carbon cycle. Carbon cycling is reported for inland and coastal water, air, and land.

The assessment examines what climate and climate change mean for the health and well-being of human populations and the environment throughout the Southwestern United States, an area of about 700,000 square miles.

Lists projected climate impacts on the Narrows Wildlife Management Area. Includes the suggested harvest plans for this area.

This article describes research on reforestation of cultivated lands and its effect on carbon sequestration in the US. It finds that soils store most of the carbon in ecosystems, and reforesting cultivated lands increases the carbon storage of topsoil. Carbon sequestration also doubles to triples in woody biomass after planting for at least 20 to 30 years.

The scientists found that forested lands store carbon at a rate of 7 million metric tons per year. Although older forest stands and individual large trees store more carbon than younger trees, younger forests and small trees accumulate carbon at a faster rate per acre.

Warmer oceans are leading to increased coral bleaching and disease outbreaks and changing distribution of tuna fisheries. Freshwater supplies will become more limited on many islands. Coastal flooding and erosion will increase. Mounting threats to food and water security, infrastructure, health, and safety are expected to lead to increasing human migration.

Changes in the timing of streamflow reduce water supplies for competing demands. Sea level rise, erosion, inundation, risks to infrastructure, and increasing ocean acidity pose major threats. Increasing wildfire, insect outbreaks, and tree diseases are causing widespread tree die-off.

In partnership with the University of Washington, our Forests & Ecosystem Services team recently published a new peer-reviewed study that analyzes the carbon storage potential of two key components of FSC management.

This plan considers the risks to, and strategies for, protecting health, economy, natural and cultural resources as well as infrastructure.

This web page describes the importance of forest soil carbon, especially in the Lake States, as well as patterns of carbon storage across landscapes, and provides several tools that can help inform management decisions.

Forests are the most cost-effective tool to buffer North Carolina from the effects of climate change. Climate change will primarily bring unpredictable weather, with hotter hots and colder colds. Trees are one of the most effective ways to mitigate the impacts of climate change.

This is a chapter in a book that focuses on the hazards of climate change on Utah.

This article summarizes the Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment from the USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station. There are 6 ecosystems included in this article that were determined to be vulnerable to climate change.

Coastal wetlands will be impacted by sea level rise and changes in water chemistry. Those changes can alter wetland conditions and processes, including the types of habitat they provide, and their ability to manage water quality and flooding.

This factsheet summarizes the effects that climate change will have on Colorado. This includes snow pack, water availability, agriculture, pests, wildfires, and human health.