Sea level in Hawai'i is projected to rise an additional 1-4 feet by 2100, with increases accelerating strongly after mid-century. In the most extreme scenarios, it is possible that sea level may rise by as much as 8 feet by 2100. Sea-level rise and related increases in storm surges pulsing farther inland will result in land loss in low-lying coastal areas and may result in excessive saltwater inundation of coastal forests. Damage from large storms can be intense and extend for hundreds of miles inland, including windthrow and blowdown, inundation, and damage to infrastructure on land. Seventy percent of Hawai'i's beaches have been eroded over the past century; more than 13 miles have been lost completely. Saltwater incursion into groundwater and groundwater-fed surface waters also threatens drinking and irrigation water supplies.