At a global scale, the scientific consensus is that fire risk will increase by 10 to 30 percent due to higher summer temperatures. For the early part of the 21st century, there is low agreement in this trend across climate models. By the end of the century, however, most models project an increase in wildfire probability, particularly for boreal forests, temperate coniferous forests, and temperate broadleaf forests. Studies from southern Canada also project more active wildfire regimes in the future. In addition to the direct effects of temperature and precipitation, increases in fuel loads from pest-induced mortality or blowdown events could increase fire risk, but the relationship between these factors can be complex. Forest fragmentation and unknown future wildfire management decisions also make fire projections more uncertain in northern Wisconsin and western Upper Michigan. Additionally, we do not have clear projections of how the timing or nature of the fire regimes may change—the proportion of surface fires to crown fires, for example.